Citations


  1.    Peter W Coldham, Ed., The Complete Book of Emigrants, Vol. II: 1661 - 1699 (London, Genealogical Publishing Co.), 717.
  2.    Peter W Coldham, Ed., The Complete Book of Emigrants, Vol. III: 1700 - 1750 (London, Genealogical Publishing Co.), 23.
  3.    Peter W Coldham, Ed., American Wills and Administrations in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1610 - 1857 ( London, Genealogical Publishing Co.), 222.
  4.   Peter W Coldham, Ed., The Complete Book of Emigrants, Vol. III: 1700 - 1750 (London, Genealogical Publishing Co.), 80, 122, 123, 134, 143, 159, 169, 574, 578, 588, 589, 594, 595.
  5.    Peter W Coldham, ed., The Complete Book of Emigrants, Vol. III: 1700 - 1750 (London, Genealogical Publishing Co.), 122.
  6. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County, Court Order Book 1-B (26 May 1760), 131.
  7.  Commonwealth of Virginia, Brunswick County, Court Order Book 4 (30 JUL 1752), 311.
  8.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Brunswick County, Court Order Book 5 (24 JAN 1754), 158.
  9.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Court Order Book 1, (24 MAR 1738), 285.
  10.    Commonwealth of Virginia; Northern Neck Land Grant Book G, (1750), 355.
  11.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Deed Book 8, (1735), 145, 147.
  12.    John Camden Hotten, Ed., The Original Lists of Persons of Quality: 1600 - 1700 (New York, Empire State Book Co., 1874), 81.
  13.    George Cabell Greer, Early Virginia Immigrants (Richmond, Virgina, W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912), 286.
  14.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Deeds and Wills Book 4, (1708), 165.
  15.    David Fischer and James Kelly, Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (Charlottesville, VA, University Press of Virginia, paperback, 2000), 43 - 44.
  16.    Wesley Frank Craven, White, Red and Black: The Seventeenth-century Virginian (Charlottesville, VA, University Press of Virginia, 1971), 5.
  17.    Louis B. Wright, Ed. The Prose Works of William Byrd of Westover (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1966), 355.
  18.    Ibid., 368.
  19.    Rys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia 1740 - 1790 (Chapel Hill, NC, University Press, paperback, 1999), 16.
  20.    See Rys Isaac, "Letter to the Editor", William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, XXXI, 1974, 530.
  21.    Robert Vernon, "How Land Was Granted in Colonial Virginia", Central Virginia Heritage, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1994, 1 - 12.
  22.    Sarah S. Hughes, Surveyors and Statesmen: Land Measuring in Colonial Virginia, (Richmond, The Virginia Surveyors Foundation, Ltd., 1979)
  23.    Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County Order Book (3 May 1723), 116.
  24.    Ibid. (6 Jul 1727), 370.
  25.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Prince William County Deed Book (17 Oct 1732), 399 – 403.
  26.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Prince William County Will Book (13 Oct 1759), ???
  27.    Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County Will Book (27 Oct 1746), 234 - 235.
  28.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book 3 ( 25 Nov 1742), 292.
  29.    Ibid. (26 Feb 1742/43), 380.
  30.    Ibid. (24 Jun 1743), 474.
  31.   Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book 4A (29 Aug 1746), 35.
  32.    Ibid. (27 Sep 1746), 93.
  33.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County, Wills and Deeds Book IV (21 Feb 1708), 165.
  34.    Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, W. W. Norton & Co, 1975), 226 & 244.
  35.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Wills and Deeds Book 2, (1698), 133 - 134.
  36.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Wills and Deeds Book 1, (20 Nov 1658), 78.
  37.    Ibid. (23 May 1670), 60 & 61
  38.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Wills and Deeds Book 1 (21 OCT 1663), 213 – 215.
  39.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Court Order Book (24 Feb 1663/63), 19.
  40.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Wills and Deeds Book 1 (14 Jan 1764/65), 7 & 8.
  41.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Court Order Book (30 Apr 1670), 68.
  42.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Wills and Deeds Book (3 Jan 1673/1674), 175 – 176.
  43.    Ibid. (23 Apr 1678), ???
  44.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Court Order Book (24 Feb 1696/97), 230.
  45.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Wills and Deeds Book 1 (25 Jul 1665), 286 - 287.
  46.    Ibid. (22 Jul 1689), __ .
  47.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Court Order Book ( 31 May 1699), 37.
  48.    Ibid. (26 Jan 1708/09 ), 107.
  49.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Wills and Deeds Book 4 (23 Feb 1708 / 09), 165.
  50.    Lois Green Carr and Lorena S. Walsh, "Inventories and Analysis of Wealth and Consumption Patterns in St. Mary's County, 1658 - 1777", Historical Methods, XIII, 1980, 81 - 104.
  51.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Court Order Book (23 Feb 1708/09), 113a.
  52.    Ibid. (26 Mar 1712), 178a.
  53.    Ibid. (25 Aug 1686), 516.
  54.    Ibid. (27 Jan 1691/92), 46.
  55.    Ibid. (27 May 1702), 159.
  56.    Ibid. (25 Feb 1702/03), 183A and 188.
  57.   Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Deeds and Wills Book 3, 129 -130 and 138 - 139.
  58.    Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County; Wills Book (5 Jul 1745), 179 - 182.
  59.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Court Order Book (21 May 1712), 34 - 36.
  60.    Jay Worrall, Jr., The Friendly Virginians: America's First Quakers (Iberian Publishing Company, Athens, Georgia, 1994), 92.
  61.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Court Order Book (27 Feb 1705/1706), 6a.
  62.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Richmond County; Wills and Deeds Book (20 Feb 1707/1708), 126 – 127a.
  63.    Ibid. (20 Jan 1714/15), 20 - 23.
  64.    Jay Worrall, Jr., The Friendly Virginians: America's First Quakers (Iberian Publishing Company, Athens, Georgia, 1994), 125.
  65.    Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County; Deed Book 3 (2 Mar 1743/1744) , 1 - 2.
  66.    Jay Worrall, Jr., The Friendly Virginians: America's First Quakers (Iberian Publishing Company, Athens, Georgia, 1994), ???.
  67.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Richmond County; Wills and Deeds Book (3 Apr 1717), 191.
  68.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Richmond County; Order Book (3 Apr 1717), 99.
  69.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Virginia Land Office, Patent Book 12 (11 May 1726), 349.
  70.    Ibid. (11 May 1726), 350.
  71.    Robert Vernon, "How Land Was Granted in Colonial Virginia", Central Virginia Heritage, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1994, 8.
  72.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (3 Oct 1732), 16.
  73.    Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County; Order Book (3 May 1723), 116. 
  74.    Ibid. (6 Jul 1727), 370.
  75.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (2 Sep 1729), 340.
  76.    Ibid. (2 Mar 1730/31), 22.
  77.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Deed Book (7 May 1734), 13 - 14.
  78.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (7 May 1734), 308.
  79.    Ibid. (7 May 1734), 306.
  80.    Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County; Order Book (3 Feb 1726/27), 350.  
  81.    Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County; Deed Book (30 Aug 1732), 225 - 227.
  82.    Ibid. (5 Jul 1734), 294 – 295.
  83.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Prince William County; Deed Book (7 Sep 1735), 475 – 476.
  84.    Ibid. (22 May 1736), 75.
  85.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Prince William County; Order Book (30 May 1753), 117.
  86.    Colony of North Carolina, Granville (in 1760 becomes Bute County); Deed Book 14 (20 Jun 1749), 52, No.84 : Secretary of State’s Office, Raleigh, NC
  87.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Prince William County; Will Book (13 Oct 1759), ???
  88.    Colony of North Carolina, Bute County; Wills and Inventories Part III (Jan 1767), 80.
  89.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Prince William County; Order Book (5 May 1762), 125.
  90.    Ibid. (7 Mar 1763), 420.
  91.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Prince William County; Deed Book (5 Dec 1762), 266 – 271.
  92.    Colony of North Carolina, Bute County; Wills and Inventories (Aug 1768), ???
  93.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Prince William County; Dettingen Parish  Indentures (25 May 1761), 28.
  94.    Ibid. (2 Jul 1755), 19 – 20.
  95.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Wills and Deeds (25 Jul 1733), 223 - 224.
  96.    Ibid. (12 Jan 1664/65), 257 – 258.
  97.    Ibid. (21 Oct 1663), 213 – 215.
  98.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (7 May 1734), 306.
  99.    Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Deed Book 7 (23 Mar 1742/43), 188 – 191.
  100.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (7 May 1734), 306 .
  101.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Deed Book (9 Feb 1723/1724), 70 - 71.
  102.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (7 May 1734), 308.
  103.     Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County; Order Book (1 Nov 1728), 426.
  104.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Deed Book (1 Oct 1734), 58 - 59.
  105.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (1 Oct 1734), 348.
  106.     Ibid. (1 Oct 1734), 351.
  107.     Ibid. (1 Oct 1734), 352.
  108.     Ibid. (5 May 1730), 391.
  109.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Order Book (21 Jan 1734/1735), 1 and 3.
  110.     Ibid. (18 Feb 1734/35), 8.
  111.     Ibid. (18 Nov 1735), 41.
  112.     Ibid. (15 Jul 1735), 25.
  113.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Will Book (17 Feb 1735/36), 12.
  114.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Order Book (17 Feb 1735/36), 53.
  115.     Ibid. (21 Jul 1736), 98.
  116.     Ibid. (22 Sep 1736), 108.
  117.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (2 Feb 1730/1731), 12.
  118.     Richard W. Stephenson and Marianne M. McKee, Virginia in Maps : Four Centuries of Settlement, Growth and Development (Library of Virginia, Richmond), 65.
  119.     Michael F. Doran, Atlas of County Boundary Changes in Virginia: 1634 - 1895 (Iberian Publishing Co., Athens, GA 1987)
  120.     David W. Eaton, Historical Atlas of Westmoreland County (Dietz Press, Richmond, VA, 1942), 20.
  121.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Order Book (17 Feb 1735/36), 52.
  122.     Rys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia 1740 - 1790 (Chapel Hill University Press, paperback, 1999), 94 - 98.
  123.     David W. Eaton, Historical Atlas of Westmoreland County (Dietz Press, Richmond, 1942), 3.
  124.     Ibid. 59.
  125.     Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County; Deeds Book 1, (25 Jul 1665), 286 – 287.
  126.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County: Will Book 1, (27 Mar 1775), 227 - 228.
  127.     Henry C. Peden, Jr. M. A., "Abstracts from the Minutes", Quaker Records of Southern Maryland 1658 - 1800 ( Heritage Books, 2007).
  128.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Order Book, (2 Nov 1658), page 117.
  129.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Order Book (16 Mar 1735/1736), 61.
  130.     Margaret G. Davis, Madison County, Virginia: A revised History (Board of Supervisors of Madison County), 27 and 80.
  131.     James Roger Mansfield, A History of Early Spotsylvanina (Published by Virginia Book Co., 1977), 115.
  132.     Ibid. 132.
  133.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Order Book (25 Nov 1736), 118.
  134.     Ibid. 124 - 125.
  135.     Ibid. 137.
  136.     Ibid. 138.
  137.     Rys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia 1740 - 1790 (Chapel Hill, NC, University Press, paperback, 1999), 94.
  138.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Spotsylvania County; Order Book (2 Jul 1734), 332.
  139.     Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on The Laws of England, Book 1, Chapter 17.
  140.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Virginia Land Office, Patent Book 15, (21 Aug 1734), 276.
  141.     Ibid. (3 Oct 1734), 316.
  142.     Ibid. Patent Book 18, (26 Mar 1739), 249.
  143.     Rys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia 1740 - 1790 (Chapel Hill, NC, University Press, paperback, 1999), 88 - 94.
  144.     Ibid. 98 - 100.
  145.     Ibid. 101 - 103.
  146.     Ibid. 99.
  147.     William. W. Scott, A History of Orange County Virginia ( Richmond, VA, E. Waddey Co., 1907 ), 26 - 27.
  148.     Ibid. 33 - 35.
  149.     Louis B. Wright, Ed. The Prose Works of William Byrd of Westover (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1966), 369.
  150.     Ibid. 373 - 374.
  151.     Walter Biscoe Norris Jr.,Ed., Westmoreland County Virginia 1653 - 1983 (Westmoreland County Board of Supervisors, Montrose, Virginia, 1983), 124.
  152.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Order Book (28 Jan 1712/1713), 203a.
  153.     Commonwealth of Virginia, King George County; Order Book (4 Jan 1722/1723), 78.
  154.     Archives of Maryland: Vol.1, Acts of the General Assembly 1637 - 1664, (25 Jan 1637/1638), 2.
  155.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 4, Proceedings of the Provincial Court 1637 - 1650, (3 Jul 1638), 35 - 39.
  156.     Ibid., (3 Jul 1638), 36.
  157.     Harry Wright Newman, The Flowering of the Maryland Palatinate (Baltimore, MD, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1984), 83 - 84.
  158.     Timothy B. Riordan, The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 9.
  159.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 4, Proceedings of the Provincial Court 1637 - 1650, (26 Nov 1638), 51.
  160.     Bradley Tyler Johnson, The Foundation of Maryland and the Origin of the Act Concerning Religion of April 21, 1649 (Baltimore, J. Murphy Co, 1883), 178.
  161.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 1, Acts of the General Assembly 1637 - 1664, (23 Mar 1641/42), 119.
  162.     Timothy B. Riordan, The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 14.
  163.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 4, Proceedings of the Provincial Court 1637 - 1650, (Jan to Feb 1643/44), 231 - 234, 247-248, 258.
  164.     Ibid., (16 Jan to 8 Feb 1643/44), 245 - 248.
  165.     Ibid., (1 Feb to 16 Mar 1643/44), 235 - 252, 261.
  166.     Ibid., (12 Feb 1643/44), 251 - 252, 263, 265 - 266.
  167.     Ibid., (7 Dec 1644), 458 - 459.
  168.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 3, Proceedings of Council 1636 - 1667, (22 Dec 1644; 1 Jan 1644/1645), 161.
  169.     Archives of Maryland: Vol.1, General Assembly 1636 - 1664, (11 Feb 1644/1645), 205.
  170.     Timothy B. Riordan, The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 184 - 194.
  171.     Ibid., 198.
  172.     Ibid., 200.
  173.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 4, Proceedings of the Provincial Court 1637 - 1650, (Oct 1647 - Nov 1648), 336, 423, 453.
  174.     Timothy B. Riordan, The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 206 - 208.
  175.     "Richard Ingle in Maryland", Maryland Historical Magazine, (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 1906), Vol. 1, Number 1, 139 - 140.
  176.     Timothy B. Riordan, The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 214 - 217.
  177.     Ibid., 244 - 257.
  178.     Ingle vs The Looking Glass, Examinations, High Court of Admiralty, HCA 13/60, PRO (June - July 1645).
  179.     Cornwaleys vs Ingle, Examinations, High Court of Admiralty, HCA 13/60, PRO (August 1645).
  180.     Cornwaleys vs Ingle, Chancery, Bills and Answers, C24 15/23, PRO (August 1645).
  181.     Copley et al vs Ingle, Examinations, High Court of Admiralty, HCA 13/60, PRO (August 1645).
  182.     Timothy B. Riordan, The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 221 - 227.
  183.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 3, Liber B, Proceedings of Council 1636 - 1667, (2 Jan 1646/ 47), 174.
  184.     Ibid., (16 Jan 1646/ 47), 174 - 175.
  185.     Ibid., (18 Jan 1646/ 47), 175 - 176.
  186.     Ibid., (18 Jan 1646/ 47), 176.
  187.    Ibid., (19 Jan 1646/ 47), 177.
  188.     Archives of Maryland, Vol. 10, Liber B, Business of Provincial Court 1649 - 1650 (4 Feb 1649/ 50), 96.
  189.     Ibid., (4 Mar 1649/ 50), 100.
  190.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northumberland County, Deeds & Orders Book 1, (24 May 1650), 42.
  191.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Land Office, Patents, (16 July 1654), 264.
  192.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Court Order Book (3 Jul 1661), 46a.
  193.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 4, Proceedings of the Provincial Court 1637 - 1650, (7 Aug 1638), 40.
  194.     Ibid., (21 Mar 1639), 108.
  195.     Ibid., (1 Feb 1643/44), 238.
  196.    Ibid., (3 Feb 1643/44), 241.
  197.     Ibid., (5 Feb 1643/44), 245.
  198.     Ibid., (17 Apr 1647), 334.
  199.     Ibid., (1 Feb 1642/43), 175.
  200.     Ibid., (11Feb 1642/43), 182.
  201.     Ibid., (2 Jan 1742/43), 166.
  202.     Ibid., (12 Feb 1642/43), 197.
  203.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 1, Acts of the General Assembly 1637/38 - 1664, (19 Feb 1638/39), 29 and 32.
  204.     Ibid., (17 Sep 1640), 88.
  205.     Ibid., (23 July 1641), 104.
  206.     Virginia, Staunton Spectator, (2 Dec 1862) Page 2, Column 4.
  207.     James Cooper Nisbet, Four Years on the Firing Line (Wilmington, NC, Broadfoot Publishing Company 1991), 117.
  208.     Archie P. McDonald, Ed. Jedediah Hotchkiss: Make Me a Map Of the Valley (Southern Methodist University Press, 1973), Foreward page x.
  209.     Ibid., Foreward page x.
  210.     Ibid., 10.
  211.     Ibid., 30.
  212.     Ibid., Foreward page xv.
  213.     Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara A. Hotchkiss, 12 Nov 1862 (Jedediah Hotchkiss Collection, Reel 4, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.)
  214.     Ann L. Miller, Application of Criteria for Determining National Register Eligibility of Roads in Virginia (Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2003), 66 - 77.
  215.     Claude L. Yowell, A History of Madison County Virginia (Shenandoah Publishing House, Strasburg, Virginia, 1926), 28, 29 and 72.
  216.     Dewey Lillard, Land Grants and Surveys of Madison County, Virginia ( Fredericksburg, VA, Sheridan Books, 2000), 51.
  217.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Grants, Madison County, Book A2 (19 Aug 1805), 122 - 123.
  218.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Grants, Culpeper County, Book Q, (4 Aug 1778), 319.
  219.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Madison County Deed Book 32 (22 Feb 1894), 286 - 287.
  220.     Dewey Lilliard, Personal Communication via Email (5 July 2010)
  221.     Roger L. Payne, Personal Communication via Email (15 Feb 2010)
  222.     Dewey Lillard, Land Grants and Surveys of Madison County, Virginia ( Fredericksburg, VA, Sheridan Books, 2000), Overview xi.
  223.     Norman Forder, Personal Communication and Photocopy of Park Survey (23 July 2010)
  224.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Madison County Deed Book 50 (8 July 1931), 398.
  225.     Reed L. Engle and Caroline Janney, A Database of Shenandoah National Park Land Records ( Shenandoah National Park, National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1997), 68.
  226.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys, Orange County, Alexander and Daniel Campbell, 12 MAR 1747.
  227.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County; Deeds and Wills (31 Jul 1667), 312 - 313.
  228.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County, Deeds and Patents, Book 2 (25 Aug 1675), 241a.
  229.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Virginia Land Office, Patent Book 13 (28 Sept 1728), 459.
  230.     Timothy B. Riordan, The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 273 - 275.
  231.    Harry Wright Newman, The Flowering of the Maryland Palatinate (Baltimore, MD, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1984), ----.
  232.     William Waller Hening, The Statutes at Large; being a collection of all the Laws of Virginia (The Franklin Press, Richmond, 1819) Vol 4, 450.
  233.     Walter Biscoe Norris, Jr., Ed., Westmoreland County Virginia 1653 - 1983 (Westmoreland County Board of Governors, Montrose, VA 1983), 5, 6 and 38 - 43.
  234.     Ibid., 7 - 9.
  235.     Ibid., 38, 41.
  236.     Ibid., 43.
  237.     Ibid., 4, 5, 38, 41.
  238.     Harry Wright Newman, The Flowering of the Maryland Palatinate (Baltimore, MD, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1984), 56.
  239.     Ibid., 138.
  240.     Ibid., 170.
  241.     Timothy B. Riordan, The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War (Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 222.
  242.     Ibid., 135 - 136.
  243.     Ibid., 138.
  244.     Ibid., 130 - 135.
  245.     Ibid., 138 - 140.
  246.     Ibid., 185 - 186.
  247.     Nathaniel C. Hale, Virginia Venturer, A Historical Biography of William Claiborne 1600 - 1677 (The Dietz Press Inc., Richmond, 1951), 261 - 262.
  248.     Walter Biscoe Norris, Jr., Ed., Westmoreland County Virginia 1653 - 1983 (Westmoreland County Board of Governors, Montrose, VA 1983), 35 - 36.
  249.     Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants 1623 - 1666 (Virginia State Library, Richmond, 1992), Vol. 1, 211.
  250.     Ibid., 288, 483, 501.
  251.     Ibid., 251 - 252.
  252.     Ibid., 193, 272, 474.
  253.     Ibid., 292, 331, 373, 447.
  254.     Ibid., 449, 446, 448.
  255.     Ibid., 238, 249.
  256.     Holly and Edward Wright, Colonial Families of the Northern Neck of Virginia (Colonial Roots, Lewes, DE, 2006), Vol 2, 46.
  257.     Norma Tucker, Colonial Virginians and Their Maryland Relatives (Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, 1994), 153.
  258.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 1, Acts of the General Assembly 1637/38 - 1664, (15 Mar 1637/38), 19.
  259.     Ibid., (Oct 1640), 89.
  260.     Ibid., (Jul 1642), 130.
  261.     Ibid., (Sep 1642), 170 - 176.
  262.     Ibid., (5 Sep 1642), 172 - 173.
  263.     Ibid., (Apr 1650), 260, 284.
  264.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 3, Proceedings of Council 1636 - 1667, (20 Mar 1637/38), 85.
  265.     Ibid., (28 Aug 1642), 108.
  266.     Archives of Maryland: Vol. 4, Proceedings of the Provincial Court 1637 - 1650, (Feb 1645), 453.
  267.     Ibid., (6 Apr 1648), 449 – 500.
  268.     Ibid., (Feb 1649/50), 541.
  269.     Ibid., (6 Apr 1648), 384.
  270.     Archives of Maryland, Vol. 10, Liber A, Business of Provincial Court 1649 - 1657 (28 May 1650), 12.
  271.     Ibid., (1 Nov 1650), 45.
  272.     Ibid., (Mar 1653/54), 324, 348.
  273.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northumberland County, Deeds & Orders Book 1, (24 May 1650), 41.
  274.     Ibid., (10 Jan 1649/1650), 48.
  275.     Ibid., (24 May 1650), 42.
  276.     Ibid., (10 Jan 1649/1650), 49.
  277.     Ibid., (10 Jan 1649/1650), 46.
  278.     Ibid., 1 - 39.
  279.     Ibid., (25 Oct 1650), 45.
  280.     Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants 1623 - 1666 (Virginia State Library, Richmond, 1992), Vol. 1, 449.
  281.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northumberland County, Records Book (1652 - 1658), 9.
  282.     Ibid., (20 Jan 1652/1653), 20.
  283.     Ibid., (20 Jan 1652/1653), 21.
  284.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northumberland County, Deeds and Orders (1650 - 1652), 76.
  285.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northumberland County, Orders (1652 - 1665), (10 Mar 1652/1653), 23.
  286.     Ibid., (20 Nov 1655), 68.
  287.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County, Deeds and Wills (1653 - 1657), (21 Aug 1654), 20.
  288.     Ibid., (9 Apr 1655), 45.
  289.     Ibid., (11 May 1659), 127.
  290.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Westmoreland County, Deeds and Wills (1661 - 1662), (16 May 1659), 4 - 4a.
  291.     Ibid., (14 May 1660), 8a – 10a.
  292.     Archives of Maryland, Land Office, Liber ABH, folio 10.
  293.     Rys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia 1740 - 1790 (Chapel Hill, NC, University Press, paperback, 1999), 131 - 136.
  294.     Ibid., 134.
  295.     David Fischer and James Kelly, Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (Charlottesville, VA, University Press of Virginia, paperback, 2000), 103.
  296.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Deed Book 4 (27 Mar 1741), 378 - 381.
  297.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Deed Book 7 (23 Mar 1742/1743), 188 - 191.
  298.     Barbara Vines Little, Orange County Virginia Tithables 1734 – 1782 (Dominion Market Research Co., Orange, Virginia 1988), Vol 1 & 2.
  299.     Ibid., 4.
  300.     Ibid., 15 - 21.
  301.     Ibid., 1, 7, 13, 18, 28.
  302.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Culpeper County Deed Book K (1779) , 1.
  303.     Betty Gerlack, Cupertino, CA, Personal Communication via Email (10 February 2011 )
  304.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys, Orange County, (12 May 1748), John Bramham.
  305.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Grants, Culpeper County, Book G, (23 Jul 1750), 374.
  306.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys, Culpeper County, (15 Jun 1749), Thomas Mylum.
  307.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Grants, Culpeper County, Book G, (31 Jan 1749/1750), 355.
  308.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys, Orange County, (18 Nov 1748), John Sampson.
  309.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys, Culpeper County, (27 Mar 1760), George Row.
  310.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Culpeper County, Deed Book C (17 Aug 1760), 373 - 376.
  311.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Deed Book 1 (10 Dec 1736), 414 - 415.
  312.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Deed Book (5 Jun 1738), 445 - 446.
  313.     Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County; Deed Book 7 (23 Mar 1743), 272 - 275.
  314.     William Peden, Ed. Notes on the State of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1955), 152 - 153.
  315.     Henry Glassie, Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: a structural analysis of historic artifacts (University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1976), 179.
  316.     Ibid., 125.
  317.     Harold R. Shurtleff, The Log Cabin Myth (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1939), 33 - 35.
  318.     Ibid., 53.
  319.     Ibid., 185.
  320.     Rys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia 1740 - 1790 (Chapel Hill, NC, University Press, paperback, 1999), 30.
  321.     Ibid., 32 - 33, 79 - 80.
  322. Gregory A. Stiverson, Ed., "Virginia in 1732: The Travel Journal of William Hugh Grove", Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 85 (Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, 1977), 21 – 22.
  323.     Ibid., 26 - 28.
  324.    J. F. D. Smyth, A Tour in the United States of America (London, 1784, facsimile reprint New York, 1968), 49.
  325.    Cornelius Van Tienhoven, "Information Respecting Land in New Netherland", Pennsylvania Archives (Harrisburg), 2nd Series, Vol 5, 181 - 183.
  326.    Cary Carson, Norman F. Barka, William M. Kelso, et al, “Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies”, Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 16, No 1 (University of Chicago, Press, 1981), 140 - 141.
  327.    Ibid., 144.
  328.    Ibid., 158.
  329.    Ibid., 138.
  330.    Ibid., 160.
  331.    Ibid., 162.
  332.    Ibid., 163.
  333.    Ibid., 168 - 169.
  334.    Ibid., 170 - 171.
  335.    Ibid., 148.
  336.    Ibid., 173 - 175.
  337.    Anonymous Pamphlet, “Information and Direction to Such Persons as are Inclined to America”, Massachusetts Historical Society, Americana Series, (Boston 1919), No. 122.
  338.    Hugh Jones, Present State of Virginia (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1956), 73.
  339.    Charles E. Peterson, Ed., Building Early America (Chilton Book Co, Radnor, PA, 1976), 319 - 325.
  340.    Cornelius Van Tienhoven, "Information Respecting Land in New Netherland" in Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd Series 5:, 181 - 183.
  341.    David Fischer and James Kelly, Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 2000), 74.
  342.    Ibid., 78
  343.    Garry Wheeler Stone, "The Roof Leaked, But the Price Was Right: The Virginia House Reconsidered", Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 99, No. 3 (2004), 325.
  344.    John Franklin Jameson, Ed., Edward Johnson’s Wonder-Working Providence, 1628 – 1651 (Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1910), 211.
  345.    Lorena S. Walsh and Russell R. Menard, “Death in the Chesapeake”, Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 69, No. 2, 211- 227.
  346.    Maris A. Vinovskis, “Mortality Rates and Trends in Massachusetts before 1860”, Journal of Economic History, Vol.32, No. 1, 184 – 213.
  347.    Richard Beale, Ed., William Fitzhugh and His Chesapeake World (University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, 1963), 202 - 203.
  348.    Harry J. Carmen, ed., American Husbandry (reprinted by Columbia University Press, New York, 1939), 168 – 170.
  349. Russel R. Menard, "The Tobacco Industry in the Chesapeake Colonies, 1617 - 1730: An Interpretation", Research in Economic History, Vol. 5 (1980), 109 - 177.
  350.    Elizabeth Gallow, "Observations from the 1798 Tax Record for Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Prince George's, and Somerset Counties, Maryland" Architectural Research Department, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (2004)
  351.    Garry Wheeler Stone, "The Roof Leaked, But the Price Was Right: The Virginia House Reconsidered", Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol.99, No. 3 (2004), 313.
  352.    Ibid., 314.
  353.    Ibid., 315.
  354.    Ibid., 324 - 325.
  355.    Herman J. Heikkenen and Mark R. Edwards, "The Key-Year Dendrochronology Technique and its Application in Dating Historic Structures in Maryland", Association for Preservation Technology Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3 (1983), 2 - 25.
  356.    Cary Carson, Norman F. Barka, William M. Kelso, et al, “Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies”, Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 16, No 1 (University of Chicago, Press, 1981), 159.
  357.    Ibid., 187 - 189.
  358.    Dell Upton, "Early Vernacular Architecture in Southeastern Virginia", Dissertation (1979), Brown University (University Microfilms International, 1980), 517.
  359.    Ibid., 154 - 174.
  360.    Ibid., 188 - 189.
  361.    Willie Graham, Carter L. Hudgins, Carl B. Lounsbury, Fraser D. Neiman and James P. Whittenburg, "Adaptation and Innovation: Archaeological and Architectural Perspectives on the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake", William and Mary Quaterly, 3rd Series, Vol.64, No. 3, (2007) 461 - 463.
  362.    Ibid., 459.
  363.    Ibid., 464 - 465.
  364.    Ibid., 466 - 468.
  365.    Ibid., 469.
  366.    Ibid., 516.
  367.    Ibid., 517.
  368.    Ibid., 519.
  369.    Cary Carson, Joanne Bowen, Willie Graham, Martha McCartney and Lorena Walsh, "New World, Real World: Improvising English Culture in Seventeenth Century Virginia", Journal of Southern History, Vol. 74, (2008), 55.
  370.    Ibid., 56 -57.
  371.    Ibid., 58 - 59.
  372.    Ibid., 60.
  373.    Ibid., 62.
  374.    Henry Glassie, Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: a Structural Analysis of Historic Artifacts (University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1976), 104 - 105.
  375. Ibid., 124.
  376. Ibid., 150 - 151.
  377. Ibid., 156.
  378. Ibid., 166.
  379. Ibid., 168.
  380. Clayton Colman Hall, LL.B., Ed. "Father Andrew White's A Briefe Relation of the Voyage unto Maryland 1634", Narratives of Early Maryland 1633 - 1684 (Charles Scribner’s Sons,  New York,  1910), 42.
  381. William Waller Hening, The Statutes at Large; being a collection of all the Laws of Virginia (The Franklin Press, Richmond, 1819) Vol. 4, 243 (1730)
  382. Ibid., Vol. 4, 170 (1726).
  383. Ibid., Vol. 4, 301 (1730).
  384. Lizabeth Ward Papageorgiou, Constables and Tobacco Planters in Orange County, Virginia 1735 - 1769 (Genalogical Publishing Co, Baltimore), 3 - 17.
  385. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Loose Papers: Judgments, 1762. Library of Virginia Records Center, Richmond, Virginia.
  386. Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Warrants And Surveys, Culpeper County, 26 AUG 1760
  387. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Will Book 1 (13 OCT 1780), 404 - 405.
  388. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book (25 AUG 1737), 210.
  389. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book (27 OCT 1737), 228.
  390. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book (23 JUN 1748), 138.
  391. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book (23 FEB 1758), 365.
  392. Ed. Louis B. Wright, History and Present State of Virginia by Robert Beverley 1705 (University of N. C. Press, Chapell Hill, 1947), 154.
  393. Commonwealth of Virginia, Botetourt County Record Book, (11 APR 1770), page??
  394. Carl R. Lounsbury, Ed., An Illustrated Glossary of Early Southern Architecture and Landscape (University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1999), 81.
  395. Ibid., 87.
  396. Ibid., 122.
  397. Ibid., 126.
  398. Ibid., 136.
  399. Ibid., 152.
  400. Ibid., 157.
  401. Ibid., 216.
  402. Ibid., 186.
  403. Ibid., 242.
  404. Ibid., 249.
  405. Ibid., 281.
  406. Ibid., 308.
  407. Ibid., 317.
  408. Ibid., 331.
  409. Ibid., 373.
  410. Ibid., 410.
  411. Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, VA, Preston Papers.
  412. Henry Campbell Black, Ed., Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edition (West Publishing Co., St Paul, MN 1990), 859.
  413. Ibid., 1365.
  414. Louis des Cognets, Jr., English Duplicates of Lost Virginia Records ( Genealogical Publishing Co. (1958).
  415. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book 1 (22 SEP 1737), 213.
  416. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book 2 (27 MAR 1741), 333.
  417. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book 3 (25 SEP 1741), 18.
  418. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book 3 (23 JUL 1742), 184.
  419. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book 2 (29 MAY 1741), 369.
  420. Commonwealth of Virginia, Orange County Order Book 3 (23 JUN 1743), 468.
  421. Commonwealth of Virginia, Culpeper County Deed Book E (23 May 1768), 569 - 70.
  422. Chester R. Young, The Effects of the French and Indian War on Civilian Life in the Frontier Counties of Virginia, 1754 - 1763 (Virginia Genealogical Society, Richmond 2009), 39.
  423. Ibid., 87.
  424. John C. Fitzpatrick, Ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, Vol. 1 (Library of Congress, Washington 1931), 495.
  425. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 1-B (26 MAY 1760), 131.
  426. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Loose Papers (27 JAN 1761), Judgements , 1762.
  427. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County, Deed Book 2 (24 MAY 1763), 177.
  428. James A. Bear and Lucia C. Stanton, Eds., Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Vol. 1 (Princeton University Press, 1997), 39.
  429. Gene Crotty, Jefferson's Western Travels over Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains (University of Virginia Printing, 2002) 19 –31.
  430. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 2 (24 MAY 1763), 177.
  431. Commonwealth of Virginia, Virginia Land Patents, Book 40 (1 AUG 1772), 801.
  432. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County, Order Book 2 (25 MAY 1763), 36.
  433. Commonwelath of Virginia, Bedford County, Deed Book (23 JUN 1765), 569.
  434. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County, Will Book 1 (27 MAR 1775), 227 - 228.
  435. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County, Order Book (27 MAR 1775), 93.
  436. Personal communication (email) from Debbie Roth who found the original painting at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gallery 774, New York City.
  437. https://familysearch.org/search/collection/igi/results#count=20 &query=%2Bsurname%3AMillam~%20%2Bsubcollection_id%3A5&igi=2
  438. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 2 (23 NOV 1762), 85.
  439. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 3 (23 MAR 1763), 16.
  440. Virginia De John Anderson, Creatures of Empire (Oxford University Press, 2004), 45; 75 - 82; 191 - 199.
  441. Archives of Maryland, Maryland Patents, Vol I (1650/51), 121.
  442. William Peden, Ed. Notes on the State of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson(University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1955), 24 - 25.
  443. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Judgments Box 38, 1773.
  444. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 7, (23 OCT 1786), 658.
  445. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 4, (25 MAY 1771), 31.
  446. Commonwealth of Virginia, Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys, Culpeper County, (26 AUG 1760), Thomas Milam.
  447. Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) Chapter 18.
  448. Claude L. Yowell, A History of Madison County Virginia (Shenandoah Publishing House, Strasburg, Virginia, 1926), 56.
  449. Magazine of Horticulture, Vol 12, December 1846, 474.
  450. Ibid., 477.
  451. Proceedings of the 27th Session of the American Pomological Society, (Robert Smith Printing Co, Lansing, MI 1902), 176 – 177.
  452. Bernard M’Mahon, American Gardener’s Calendar (Philadelphia, 1806)
  453. William Coxe, A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees (M Carry & Son, Philadelphia, 1817)
  454. William Kenrick, The New American Orchardist: An Account of the Most Valuable Varieties (Otis, Broaders & Co, Boston, 1844)
  455. A. J. Downing, The Fruit and Fruit Trees of America (1st Edition, Wiley & Putnam, New York, 1845)
  456. F. R. Elliott, Elliott’s Fruit Book 9C. M. Saxon, New York, 1854), 174.
  457. Charles Downing, The Fruit and Fruit Trees of America (2nd Edition by brother of A. J. Downing, John Wiley, New York 1859), 206.
  458. Ibid., 217.
  459. S. A. Beach, The Apples of New York, Vol. 1, (State of New York Dept of Agriculture, Albany, NY, 1905) 15 - 17.
  460. Dr. John A. Warder, American Pomology. Apples. (Orange Judd & Co, New York, 1867 ), 22.
  461. Ibid., 503.
  462. James Fitz The Southern Apple and Peach Culturist. (J. W. Randolph, Richmond, VA 1872), 143.
  463. Ibid., 120 -121.
  464. Ibid., 158.
  465. Ibid., 167.
  466. P. Barry, Barry’s Fruit Garden (Orange Judd Co., New York 1883), 329.
  467. Ibid., 349.
  468. L. H. Bailey, Annals of Horticulture of North America for the Year 1892 (The Rural Publishing Co, New York, 1783), 232 - 254.
  469. S. A. Beach, The Apples of New York, Vol. 1, (State of New York Dept of Agriculture, Albany, NY, 1905), 349.
  470. H. P. Gould, USDA, Orchard Fruits in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Regions of Virginia and the South Atlantic States (Government Printing Office, Washington, 1908), 38.
  471. F. R. Elliott, The Western Fruit Book (Orange Judd, New York 1865), 14 - 16.
  472. Proceedings of the 28th Session of the American Pomological Society  (published by same, 1903), 62.
  473. Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society for 1869 (R. P. Studley & Co., St Louis 1870), 258 - 259.
  474. Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society for 1870 (Dunlop, Reade, Brewster, Chicago, 1871), 337.
  475. Ibid., 272 - 274.
  476. Ibid., 282 - 283.
  477. Tom Burford, Apples of North America (Timber Press, Portland, 2013), 116.
  478. David Fischer and James Kelly, Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (Charlottesville, VA, University Press of Virginia, paperback, 2000), 137.
  479. Ibid., 139.
  480. Bedford City County Museum, Bedford Images Old and New 1754 - 2004 (Bedford City County Museum, 2003), 21.
  481. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 5A (22 MAR 1773), 67.
  482. Michael Kranish, Flight from Monticello - Thomas Jefferson at War (Oxford University Press, 2010), 47.
  483. Ibid., 51.
  484. Ibid., 53.
  485. Ibid., 61
  486. Ibid., 70.
  487. Ibid., 77.
  488. Ibid., 85 - 90.
  489. Ibid., 93.
  490. John Mack Faragher, Daniel Boone Life and Legend of an American Pioneer (Henry Holt & Co, New York, 1992), 145 - 146.
  491. Ibid., 147 - 151.
  492. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 6 (28 JUL 1777), 130 -131.
  493. Ibid., (26 JUN 1780), 287.
  494. Paul M. Fink, Jonesborough: The First Century of Tennessee's First Town, 1776-1876 (Overmountain Press, 2002), 104.
  495. Commonwealth of Virginia, Culpeper County Deed Book E (23 MAY 1768), 569 - 70.
  496. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 4 (25 MAY 1772), 31.
  497. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Loose Papers, Road Petitions, JUL 1783
  498. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 4 (25 MAY 1772), 30.
  499. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 17 (28 JAN 1822), 167.
  500. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 27, 242.
  501. Lyman C. Draper, "Recollections on Capture by the Shawnee, 1778", Draper Manuscripts: Daniel Boone Papers, (Wisconsin Historical Society), volume 11 C 62 to 62-14.
  502. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 6 (23 NOV 1778), 214.
  503. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 5A (24 MAR 1773), 87.
  504. Library of Virginia, Records Center, Bedford County, Judgments, Box 38.
  505. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Will Book 2 (28 JUN 1802), 364- 366.
  506. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 5A (26 APR 1773), 96.
  507. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 7 (10 FEB 1781), 74 - 75.
  508. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 7 (19 MAR 1784), 316 - 317.
  509. Burke Davis, The Cowpens-Guilford Courthouse Campaign (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2003), 142.
  510. Ibid., 141.
  511. Ibid., 149.
  512. Ibid., 150.
  513. Ibid., 151.
  514. Ibid., 157.
  515. Ibid., 169.
  516. Ibid., 175.
  517. Angus Konstam, Guilford Courthouse 1781 ( Praeger, Westport, CN, 2004), 38 - 39.
  518. Ibid., 47 - 48.
  519. Ibid., 49 - 52.
  520. Ibid., 54.
  521. Ibid., 57.
  522. Ibid., 58.
  523. Ibid., 59 -60.
  524. Ibid., 63.
  525. Ibid., 64.
  526. Ibid., 65.
  527. Ibid., 72.
  529. Ibid., 76 - 77.
  530. Ibid., 80.
  531. Ibid., 85.
  532. Ibid., 88 - 89.
  533. Memoirs of the Reign of George III to the Session of Parliament Ending A. D. 1793, Vol 3, 241.
  534. Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia, (4 DEC 1782), 53.
  535. The quote is from The American Revolution in North Carolina, Guilford Courthouse online. It may be read here .
  536. Angus Konstam, Guilford Courthouse 1781 ( Praeger, Westport, CN, 2004), 19 - 21.
  537. Theodore P. Savas and J. David Dameron, A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution (Savas Beatie, New York, 2006), 349.
  538. Ibid., 250 - 252.
  539. Ibid., 264 - 266.
  540. Ibid., 268 - 270.
  541. Ibid., 276.
  542. Ibid., 277 - 278.
  543. Ibid., 280 -281.
  544. Ibid., 290.
  545. Jim Piecuch and John Beakes, Light Horse Harry Lee (Nautical and Aviation Publishing, Mount Pleasant, SC, 2013), 147 - 148.
  546. Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinences of North America (T Cadell, London, 1787, reprinted 1967), 278.
  547. The Papers of Nathanael Green, Vol 7: 469 - 470 as cited in Terry Golway's Washington's General (Henry Holt and Co, New York, 2005), 260 - 261.
  548. John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997), 381.
  549. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 7 (27 JAN 1783), 20.
  550. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 11 (1801), 344.
  551. Henry Carey Baird, The Journal of Lieut. William Feltman of the First Pennsylvania Regiment 1781 - 1782 (Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1853), 3 - 4.
  552. Ibid., 5 - 7.
  553. Michael Kranish, Flight from Monticello - Thomas Jefferson at War (Oxford University Press, 2010), 163.
  554. Ibid., 113.
  555. Ibid., 134.
  556. Ibid., 166 - 175.
  557. Ibid., 187 - 189.
  558. Ibid., 191 - 197.
  559. Ibid., 226 - 231.
  560. Ibid., 240 - 243.
  561. Ibid., 244 - 251.
  562. Ibid., 252 - 257.
  563. Ibid., 263 - 266.
  564. Ibid. , 278 - 282.
  565. Ibid., 294 -296.
  566. Ibid., 300 - 301.
  567. Ibid., 290 - 291.
  568. Ibid., 302 -305.
  569. Ibid., 304 - 309.
  570. Ibid., 310 - 311.
  571. Louis Gottschalk, Lafayette and the Close of the American Revolution (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1942), 201 - 205.
  572. Ibid., 222 - 224.
  573. Ibid., 237 - 239.
  574. Ibid., 227, 239 - 243, 252 & 262.
  575. Ibid., 229.
  576. Ibid., 250 - 260.
  577. Ibid., 263.
  578. Ibid., 264 - 268.
  579. Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 of North America (T. Cadell in the Strand, London, 1787, reprinted 1967), 294 - 299.
  580. Ibid., 358 - 359.
  581. Robert P. Davis, Where a Man Can Go - Major General William Phillips, British Royal Artillery 1731 - 1781 (Greenwood Press, Westport, CN, 1999), 126.
  582. Ibid., 133 - 147.
  583. Ibid., 176 - 177.
  584. Glenn Tucker, Mad Anthony Wayne and the New Nation (Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1973), 173 - 189.
  585. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 7, (24 FEB 1783), 26.
  586. Hening's Statutes at Large, Commonwealth of Virginia, Acts of the General Assembly, Volume 10, 471 - 474.
  587. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed - Four British Folkways in America (Oxford University Press, London, 1989), 236 - 243.
  588. Ibid., 212 - 225.
  589. Ibid., 232 - 236.
  590. Ibid., 274 - 280.
  591. Ibid., 321 -326.
  592. Ibid., 332 - 340.
  593. Ibid., 256 - 264.
  594. Ibid., 306 - 310.
  595. Ibid., 349 - 354.
  596. Ibid., 360 - 368.
  597. Ibid., 227, 241 - 243, 255.
  598. Southern Campaigns American Revolution Pensions Statements. John Pribble's deposition in support of John Holly's application at bottom of this page here .
  599. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 7, (28 NOV 1785), 587 - 588.
  600. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 8, (24 SEP 1787), 14.
  601. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 10, (19 APR 1798), 246.
  602. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 7, (23 OCT 1786), 658.
  603. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 9 (24 SEP 1787), 100.
  604. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 8, (19 APR 1788), 131 - 132.
  605. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 8, (19 APR 1788), 132 - 133.
  606. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 9, (27 OCT 1788), 199.
  607. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 10, (22 MAR 1790), 4.
  608. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Will Book 1, (13 OCT 1780), 404 – 405.
  609. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 6, (22 OCT 1781), 329.
  610. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 6, (25 MAR 1782), 338.
  611. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Will Book 1, (23 DEC 1782), 432 - 433.
  612. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Order Book 7, (23 DEC 1782), 19.
  613. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 7 (, 23 OCT 1786), 658.
  614. Francis Blomefield, An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk, Vol. 5 (London, 1775), 976, 977, 1036 - 1043.
  615. H. S. King, The Norman People and their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions, (H. S. King & Co., London, 1874), 408.
  616. Jean Manco, Ancestral Journeys (Thames & Hudson, London, Updated Edition, 2015), 217 - 223.
  617. Ibid., 19 - 28.
  618. Ibid., 30 - 34.
  619. Ibid., 241 - 257.
  620. Ibid., 207 - 213.
  621. Ibid., 149 -150.
  622. Ibid., 167 - 170.
  623. Ibid., 200 - 207.
  624. Ibid., 84 - 49.
  625. Ibid., 192 - 199.
  626. Ibid., 178 - 181.
  627. Ibid., 185 - 191.
  628. Martiniano, Caffel, Holst et al, Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons, Nature Communications, Vol. 7, 10326 (2016) Click here (link)
  629. Family Tree DNA Learning Center: Paternal Lineages Tests Click here (link)
  630. Jean Manco, Blood of the Celts (Thames & Hudson, London, 2015), 26 -27.
  631. Ibid., 99.
  632. Ibid., 54 - 55.
  633. Ibid., 135 - 137.
  634. Ibid., 138 - 9.
  635. Ibid., 152 - 158.
  636. Commonwealth of Virginia, Brunswick County, Order Book 4 (30 JUL 1752), 311.
  637. Commonwealth of Virginia, Brunswick County, Deed Book 6 (27 NOV 1760), 362.
  638. Commonwealth of Virginia, Chesterfield County, Order Book 3 (6 MAR 1761), 116.
  639. Commonwealth of Virginia, Chesterfield County, Order Book 3 (7 MAY 1762), 215.
  640. Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, White Cargo (New York University Press, New York, 2008), 11 - 19.
  641. Ibid., 205 - 212.
  642. Ibid., 227 - 232.
  643. Commonwealth of Virginia, Chesterfield County, Deed Book 5 (24 APR 1764) , 130 - 131.
  644. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 8, (25 AUG 1770), 177 - 178.
  645. Commonwealth of South Carolina, York County, Will Book A N. 21 ( 28 AUG 1789), 35 - 36.
  646. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 13 (15 JAN 1786), 426 - 427.
  647. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 14 (20 DEC 1787), 193 - 194.
  648. Southern Campaigns Revolutionary War Pension Statements, W5911 ( 29 OCT 1832 ) and f58VA (20 APR 1858 ). Please see the transcriptions of them here .
  649. Commonwealth of North Carolina, Warren County, Will Book 5 (17 MAR 1789), 102.
  650. Commonwealth of Virginia, Buckingham County, Tithables List, 1774.
  651. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 12 (20 FEB 1783), 269 & 270.
  652. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 16 (26 JAN 1795), 306 - 307.
  653. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 17 (26 FEB 1798), 432 - 433.
  654. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 5 (18 OCT 1764), 229 - 230
  655. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 14 (21 DEC 1786), 3 - 4.
  656. Commonwealth of Virginia, Chesterfield County, Deed Book 5 (30 OCT 1760), 217.
  657. Commonwealth of Virginia, Chesterfield County, Order Book 3 (1 JUN 1764), 530.
  658. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County Census, 1785. List of Nathaniel Hunt, page 88.
  659. Commonwealth of Virginia, Tazwell County, Deed Book 1 (25 JUN 1810), 446.
  660. George S. Patton Jr., War as I Knew It (Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1947), 153 - 154.
  661. Ibid., 164.
  662. Ibid., 170.
  663. Ibid., 172.
  664. Ibid., 179.
  665. Ibid., 183.
  666. Ibid., 184.
  667. Ibid., 186 - 187.
  668. Ibid., 190.
  669. Ibid., 187 - 196.
  670. Ibid., 198.
  671. Ibid., 203 - 204.
  672. Ibid., 205 - 207.
  673. Ibid., 206.
  674. Ibid., 210 - 212.
  675. Ibid., 215 - 228.
  676. Ibid., 228
  677. Ibid., 89.
  678. George F. Hofmann, The Super Sixth: History of the 6th Armored Division (Sixth Armored Division Association, Louisville, KY, 1975), 272 - 274.
  679. Ibid., 278 - 280.
  680. Ibid., 294 - 296.
  681. Ibid., 311.
  682. Ibid., 315.
  683. Stars & Strips Army Newspaper, Brest to Bastogne: The Story of the Sixth Armored Division (Stars & Stripes, Paris, 1945)
  684. Conquer: The Story of the Ninth Army 1944 - 1945 (Infantry Journal Press, Washington, 1947), 139.
  685. Ibid., 144.
  686. Ibid., 157 - 158.
  687. Ibid., 169 - 171.
  688. Ibid., 175.
  689. Ibid., 181 - 183.
  690. Ibid., 190 - 192.
  691. Ibid., 226 - 231.
  692. Ibid., 232 - 237.
  693. Ibid., 243.
  694. Ibid., 252 - 255.
  695. Ibid., 267 - 268.
  696. Ibid., 269 - 670.
  697. Ibid., 274.
  698. Ibid., 276.
  699. Ibid., 278 to 281.
  700. Ibid., 282 283.
  701. Ibid., 320 - 330.
  702. Ibid., 359.
  703. Commonwealth of Virginia, Brunswick County, Order Book 11 (2 OCT 1770), 370.
  704. Personal communication via email from Paul Niemi's neice who shared portions of his letters.
  705. John Mickle Hemphill, Virginia and the English Commercial System 1689 - 1733, PhD Thesis, Department of History, Princeton University (Garland Publishing, New York 1985).
  706. Christine Churches, Sir John Lowther and Whitehaven: 1642 - 1706. PhD Thesis, University of Adelaide (1990), 169 - 171.
  707. Ibid., 116 - 117.
  708. Ibid., 139 - 141
  709. Ibid., 277 - 279
  710. Ibid., 206.
  711. Annie Eaglesham, M.A., The Growth and Influence of the West Cumberland Shipping Industry: 1600 - 1800. PhD Thesis, University of Lancaster (1977), 92 and 127.
  712. Ibid., 60 - 61.
  713. Church of England Records, Saint Bees Parish, Whitehaven, England, 6 Feb 1706.
  714. Church of England Records, Saint Nicholas Parish, Whitehaven, England, 15 Feb 1736.
  715. Elizabeth Lawrence-Dow & Daniel Hay, Whitehaven to Washington (Copeland Borough Council, 1974), 25.
  716. Ibid., 28.
  717. Public Record Office, London: "British Naval Office Shipping Lists for Virginia, 1698 - 1769", Hampton Roads, JAN 1703/ 1704. Film 540.
  718. Arthur Pierce Middleton, Ph.D., Tobacco Coast, A Maritime History of Chesapeake Bay in the Colonial Era (The Maritime Museum, Newport News, Virginia, 1953)
  719. Church of England, Archdeaconry of Richmond, Copeland Deanery Wills, Admins. & Inventories, M 1681-1720 (Church of Latter Day Saints, Digitized Record).
  720. Ibid.
  721. Church of England, Archdeaconry of Richmond, Copeland Deanery Wills, Admins. & Inventories, M 1721-1748 (Church of Latter Day Saints, Digitized Record).
  722. Church of England, Archdeaconry of Richmond, Copeland Deanery Wills, Admins. & Inventories, J-M 1748-1760 (Church of Latter Day Saints, Digitized Record).
  723. Joseph A. Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia (J. C. Carrier Co. Bridgewater, Virginia), 35.
  724. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Will Book 2 (28 JUN 1802), 364- 366.
  725. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Will Book I (26 NOV 1780), 381 - 382.
  726. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County, Order Book 3 (26 NOV 1771), 803.
  727. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County, Order Book 5A (23 NOV 1772), 23.
  728. Elizabeth Lawrence-Dow & Daniel Hay, Whitehaven to Washington (Copeland Borough Council, 1974), 2 - 3.
  729. Ibid., 15.
  730. Ibid., 17.
  731. Ibid., 18.
  732. Annie Eaglesham, M.A., The Growth and Influence of the West Cumberland Shipping Industry: 1600 - 1800. PhD Thesis, University of Lancaster (1977), 62 - 63.
  733. Ibid., 64 - 66.
  734. Ibid., 67 - 69.
  735. History of the Great Kanawha Valley, Illustrated. Vol. II (Brant, Fuller and Co., Madison, 1891), 259.
  736. Index Cards to Court Records, Kanawha County, West Virginia 1754-1933: Maslcomb to Miland. Family History Library, Salt Lake City, UT microfilm #0,249,661  
  737. Allan Palmer, Veronica Palmer,  The Chronology of British History(London: Century Ltd., 1992) 207–208.
  738. Commonwealth of Virginia, Bedford County Deed Book 11, 1028.
  739. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 12 (20 SEP 1781), 134 - 135.
  740. Commonwealth of Virginia, Halifax County, Deed Book 16 (30 OCT 1793), 306.
  741. William Wade Hinshaw, Thomas Worth Marshall and Douglas Summers Brown, Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy (Edward Brothers Inc., Ann Arbor), 961.
  742. Commonwealth of Virginia, Kanawha County, Deed Book IJ, (1835 & 1836), 96, 134 & 368.
  743. Commonwealth of Virginia, Kanawha County, Court Order Book (16 JUN 1827), , 191.
  744. Commonwealth of Virginia, Kanawha County, Deed Book O (14 AUG 1844), 19.
  745. Commonwealth of Virginia, Kanawha County, Court Orders (28 MAY 1830), 455.
  746. Commonwealth of Virginia, Kanawha County, Deed Book I-J (31 DEC 1836), 587.
  747. Commonwealth of Virginia, Kanawha County, Deed Book W (15 JUL 1861), 625.

 

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